考研英语核心词汇速成胜经
Unit 23
一、
真题文章（2004年）
The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in
Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and
South America during the first half of the twentieth century. We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and
Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the
US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.
Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.
二、
译文
许多世纪以来，哲学家一直对语言和思维的关系颇感兴趣。希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。
直到最近，语言学家们才开始认真研究与自己所说的完全的不同的语言。法兰士
.
博厄斯和爱德华
.
萨皮尔是两位人类语言学家
,
他们在二十世纪前半叶开创了研究描述南北美洲多种地方语言的先河。我们感激他们，因为在此之后，由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言，因而这些语言中有一些已经消失了。然而，本世纪初的其他语言学家对于研究来自于异族语言的奇异数据并不感冒，对他们我们并无感激之情。这些近来所研究的语言与得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言相比差别显著，以致于有些学者甚至指责博厄斯和萨皮尔编造了资料。美洲的土著语言的确不同，差异如此之大以致于美军在二战期间使用纳瓦霍语作为密电码来传递情报。
萨皮尔的学生本杰明
.
李
.
沃夫继续研究美洲印第安人的语言。沃夫对语言和思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。他论述说，某一特定语言中比较容易形成某些特定概念，但与此有别的其他概念则不易形成，因此该语言的使用者思考问题只会沿着这一条道而不会沿着那一条道进行。沃夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。后来，这种观点成为知名的萨皮尔——沃夫假说，不过这个术语有点不妥。虽然萨皮尔和沃夫都强调各种语言之间的差异性，但萨皮尔自己从来没有明确地表示支持语言决定论的观念。
三、
考研核心词汇
root
/ ru:t /
n.
根
,
根部
,
根本
,
根源
v.
1(
使
)
生根
, (
使
)
扎根
,
使立定不动
2
坚定不移
,
确立
[
例
] Are you going to root here forever?
你留在这儿永远不走了吗
?
[
同义
] cause, derivation, origin, source
[
反义
] branch
/ brB:ntF /
n.
枝
,
分枝
,
分部
,
分店
, (
学科
)
分科
,
部门
,
支流
,
支脉
v.
出现分歧
[
派生
] rooted
/ 5ru:tid /
adj.
根深蒂固的
v.
确立
diverse
/ dai5vE:s /
adj.
不同的
,
变化多的
[
例
] diverse interests
不同的兴趣
[
同义
] different, distinct, several, unlike ,various
[
反义
] same
/ seim /
adj.
同一的
,
相同的
,
无变化的
,
上述的
,
所谓
pron.
同样的事物
adv.
同样地
[
派生
] diversify
/ dai5vE:sifai /
v.
使多样化；作多样性的投资
diversity
/ dai5vE:siti /
n.
差异
,
多样性
oblige
/ E5blaidV /
vt.
迫使
,
责成
[
例
] She was obliged to go.
她不得不走。
[
同义
]compel, constrain, force, serve
[
反义
] disoblige
/ 5disE5blaidV /
v.
失望
[
派生
] obligation
/ 7Cbli5^eiFEn /
n. 1
义务
,
职责
2
债务
[
固定搭配
] be obliged to sb.
感谢
(
某人
)
；
be obliged to do sth.
不得不
(
做某事
),
必须
(
做某事
)
；
assimilate
/ E5simileit /
v.
吸收
,
同化
,
消化
[
例
] America has assimilated many outstanding people from all corners of the world.
美国同化了许多来自世界各地优秀的人。
[
同义
] absorb , blot up, digest , soak up
[
反义
] disassimilate
/ 7disE5simileit /
vt.
[
生
]
使异化
[
派生
] assimilation
/ E9sImI`leIFEn /
n.
1
同化
,
同化作用
2
消化
bizarre
/ bi5zB: /
adj.
奇异的
(
指态度
,
容貌
,
款式等
)
[
例
] The story has a certain bizarre interest.
这个故事听起来别有风趣。
[
同义
]strange, fantastic ,odd, eccentric, peculiar
[
反义
] normal
/ 5nC:mEl /
n.
正规
,
常态
, [
数学
]
法线
adj.
正常的
,
正规的
,
标准的
[
派生
] bizarrerie
/ bi5zB:rEri /
n.
奇异
,
怪异的东西
,
奇怪
exotic
/ i^5zCtik /
adj.
异国情调的
,
外来的
,
奇异的
[
例
] an exotic word
外来词
[
同义
] bright, colorful ,foreign ,gay ,rich ,strange, vivid
[
反义
] native
/ 5neitiv /
n.
本地人
,
土产
,
土人
adj.
1
本国的
,
出生地的
,
本地的
2
天赋的
[
派生
] exoticism
/I^`zCtIsIzEm/
n.
异国情调
,
异国风味
,
对外国事物的兴趣
fabricate
/ 5fAbrikeit /
vt. 1
制作
,
构成
2
捏造
,
伪造
,
虚构
[
例
] They fabricated evidence and threatened witnesses.
他们伪造证据并威胁目击者。
[
同义
]fake, invent , devise , formulate, make, assemble, construct
[
反义
] demolish
/ di5mCliF /
vt.
毁坏
,
破坏
,
推翻
,
粉碎
[
派生
] fabrication
/ 7fAbri5keiFEn /
n.
制作
,
构成
,
伪造物
,
装配工
habitual
/ hE5bitjuEl /
adj.
习惯的
,
惯常的
[
例
] Ice and snow are a habitual sight in the north.
冰雪在北方是常见的。
[
同义
] accustomed ,customary, established ,familiar, general, normal ,regular
[
反义
] occasional
/ E5keiVnEl /
adj.
偶然的
,
非经常的
,
特殊场合的
,
临时的
[
派生
] habitually
/ hE5bItjJElI /
adv.
习惯地
determinism
/ di5tE:minizEm /
n.
决定论
[
例
] environmental determinism
环境决定论
[
派生
] determinist
/ dI`t\:mInIst /
n.
决定论者
imprison
/ im5prizn /
vt.
监禁
,
关押
v.
监禁
[
例
] He was imprisoned for two years.
他被关押了两年。
[
同义
] confine, jail, lock up
[
反义
] liberate
/ 5libEreit /
v.
解放
,
释放
[
派生
] imprisonment
/ Im`prIzEnmEnt /
n.
关押
hypothesis
/ hai5pCWisis /
n.
假设
[
例
] This is only a sort of scientific hypothesis which has not been proved by experiments .
这仅仅是一个尚未被实验证明的科学假说。
[
派生
] hypothetic
/ 7haipEu5Wetik /
adj.
假设的
,
假定的
四、
强化练习
1. Most courses offer a wide and _______ range of units for students to select each term.
A. riot
B. roundabout
C. rotten
D. diverse
2. Strong analytical ability to________ information that will assist WWP/OTD in achieving their goals.
A. segment
B. stick
C. assimilate
D. sting
3.
The idea that a Canadian citizen such as Ottawa software engineer Maher Arar would need to pay his birthplace of Syria a portion of his income earned in this country (or that Canada would have to pay part of its take from him) seems________.
A. bizarre
B. prone
C. venerable
D. defensive
4.
We never went anywhere truly_______ during October because, unlike the insanity here where a billion people squeeze onto the trains, this holiday didn’t exist for adults unless requested .
A. watertight
B. permanent
C. mean
D.
exotic
5. No link was found between ________coffee consumption and hypertension(
高血压
) based on analysis of 12 years of data on 33,077 cases of high blood pressure among 155,594 women .
A. vertical
B. vital
C. habitual
D. fatal
答案：
DCADC
考研英语核心词汇速成胜经
Unit 23
一、
真题文章（2004年）
The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in
Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and
South America during the first half of the twentieth century. We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and
Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the
US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.
Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.
二、
译文
许多世纪以来，哲学家一直对语言和思维的关系颇感兴趣。希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。
直到最近，语言学家们才开始认真研究与自己所说的完全的不同的语言。法兰士
.
博厄斯和爱德华
.
萨皮尔是两位人类语言学家
,
他们在二十世纪前半叶开创了研究描述南北美洲多种地方语言的先河。我们感激他们，因为在此之后，由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言，因而这些语言中有一些已经消失了。然而，本世纪初的其他语言学家对于研究来自于异族语言的奇异数据并不感冒，对他们我们并无感激之情。这些近来所研究的语言与得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言相比差别显著，以致于有些学者甚至指责博厄斯和萨皮尔编造了资料。美洲的土著语言的确不同，差异如此之大以致于美军在二战期间使用纳瓦霍语作为密电码来传递情报。
萨皮尔的学生本杰明
.
李
.
沃夫继续研究美洲印第安人的语言。沃夫对语言和思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。他论述说，某一特定语言中比较容易形成某些特定概念，但与此有别的其他概念则不易形成，因此该语言的使用者思考问题只会沿着这一条道而不会沿着那一条道进行。沃夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。后来，这种观点成为知名的萨皮尔——沃夫假说，不过这个术语有点不妥。虽然萨皮尔和沃夫都强调各种语言之间的差异性，但萨皮尔自己从来没有明确地表示支持语言决定论的观念。
三、
考研核心词汇
root
/ ru:t /
n.
根
,
根部
,
根本
,
根源
v.
1(
使
)
生根
, (
使
)
扎根
,
使立定不动
2
坚定不移
,
确立
[
例
] Are you going to root here forever?
你留在这儿永远不走了吗
?
[
同义
] cause, derivation, origin, source
[
反义
] branch
/ brB:ntF /
n.
枝