is brother James II. James was brought
up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal
religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years
ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king,
William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in
1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the
king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.
　　1685年查尔斯二世去世，由其弟詹姆斯二世继位。詹姆斯二世从小在欧洲流亡长大，是个天主教徒，他希
望不放弃个人宗教信仰统治国家。但是1688的英国已不象40年前那样能容忍天主教徒当国王了。英国政客反对
詹姆斯二世，他们呼吁信奉新教的国王，奥兰治亲王威谦入侵英国夺取王位。1688年11月15日威廉在托尔比登
陆并占领伦敦。这一占领相对平静，既未流血也未处死国王，所以就称为“光荣革命”。
　　The Gunpowder Plot of 1605
　　1605年
　　The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On Nov.
5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in
the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the
cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and
imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual
celebration on Nov. 5, when a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is
arranged.
　　1605年的火药阴谋案是最著名的天主教阴谋。1605年11月5日，几个狂热的天主教徒企图在议会大厦炸死
国王和大臣，盖伊福克斯已在地窖放了炸药桶。结果是福克斯和同伙被立即处死，以及更严厉的反天主教法律
的颁发。长斯结果是每年11月5日举行庆祝仪式，点燃火堆焚烧盖伊模拟像并燃放烟火。
　　
　　　　英语国家概况精讲系列（十）
　　
　　第五章
　　The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)
　　大英帝国的兴衰
　　
　　I. Whigs and Tories
　　辉格党人和托利党人
　　These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).
　　这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命。
　　The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to
religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident
Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.
　　辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。辉格党人在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的
托利党人组盟组成自由党。
　　The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove
kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.
　　托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。托利党是保守党的前身。
　　I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century
　　18世纪末的农业革命
　　During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the “open-field” system ended when
the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure
had good as well as bad

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