ge and reform in the church had been growing for
many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its
time had come； the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented； and Henry needed
money.
　　最重要的是，亨利八世负责进行教会的宗教改革。改革原因有三个主要方面：改革教会的渴望已有多年，
现在又受马丁路德成功的鼓舞，许多人认为时机已到；人们痛恨教职人员的威望和财富；亨利需要钱。
　　The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy.
Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon but the Pope refused. Henry’s reforms
was to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope, and to make an
independent Church of England. He made this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and
1534. He dissolved all of England’s monasteries and nunneries because they were more
loyal to the Pope than to their English kings. The laws such as the Act of succession of
1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535 made his reform possible. He established the church
of England as the national church of the country, and he made himself the supreme head of
the church of England.
　　改革以争取离婚而开始，以脱离教皇而告终。亨利八世欲与阿拉贡的凯瑟琳离婚，但是教皇拒绝了。亨利
改革的目的是摆脱英国教会与教皇的联系，成立独立的英格兰教会。1529年至1534年间逐渐地与罗马脱离了关
系。他解散了所有英国的修道院和修女院，因为后者对教皇比对英国国王更忠诚。1534年的《继位法》和1535
年的《至尊法案》使改革具有了可行性。1535年他获“英格兰教会最高首脑”之称号。
　　Henry VIII’s reform stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened
Henry’s position； Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work
before, its importance grew as a result. His attack on the Pope’s power encouraged many
critics of abuses of the Catholic Church. England was moving away form Catholicism
towards protestaintism.
　　改革的三大影响：亨利的改革强调了君主权力，自然加强了亨利的地位；议会以往从未做过如此漫长而重
要的工作，自然其重要性也有所加强；他对教皇权力的打击鼓舞许多人批评指责天主教会，并希望从天主教转
向新教。
　　
　　　　英语国家概况精讲系列（九）
　　
　　The Restoration
　　王政复辟
　　When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime
began to collapse. One of Cromwell’’s generals George Monck, occupied London and arranged
for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the
crisis by asking the late King’’s son to return from his exile in France as king Charles
II. It was called the Restoration.
　　1658年奥利弗克伦威尔去世，他的儿子理查德继任护国公，政权立即开始瓦解。克伦威尔的一位将军乔治
蒙克占领伦敦，安排新的议会选举。1660年选出的议会要求上一任国王的儿子长期流亡地法国回国作国王查尔
斯二世，从而解决了危机。这就是所谓的王政复辟。
　　The Glorious Revolution of 1688
　　1688年光荣革命
　　In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by h

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