世俗法庭分离。
　　
　　3．The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of
many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the
Norman-French origin.
　　英国是一个集不同民族于一体的国家。许多英国人的祖先是古盎格鲁和撒克逊人。而还有一些英国人的是
诺曼血统。
　　
　　　　英语国家概况精讲系列（五）
　　
　　This is one of the most difficult parts. In this part, I will introduce some Kings in
English history and their reformations. Though we have to remember a lot of things in
this part, we also learn more about English history.
　　Chapter 3
　　第三章
　　The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)
　　英国的形成（公元1066-1381）
　　
　　I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)
　　诺曼统治（公元1066-1381）
　　
　　1. William’’s Rule （1066-1087）
　　威廉一世的统治（公元1066-1087）
　　England’’s feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror
　　在威廉统治下的英国封建制度
　　①Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. ②According
to this system, the King owned all the land personally. ③William gave his barons large
estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the
land’’s produce. ④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that
those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons, who had
become William’’s tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and
freemen, also in return for goods and services. ⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were
the villeins or serfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that
all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but
also to the king.
　　①在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确立。②根据此制度，国王拥有全国所有土地。③威廉把英国
的大片土地分给贵族，条件是换取对方服役和收租。④这些地产分散于各处，这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来
反叛国王。⑤已成为国王土地承租人的贵族又把土地分配给小贵族、骑士和自由民，同样换取货物和服役。⑥
在封建等级底层的是农奴。⑦英国封建制独有的特色就是，无论是土地承租人还是二佃户，都必须要宣誓效忠
于直接领主，而且要效忠于国王。
　　
　　2. King Henry II and his reforms
　　亨利二世国王和他的改革
　　The ways King Henry II consolidate the monarchy.
　　亨利二世巩固君主制的途径。
　　Henry II took some measures to consolidate the monarchy. He forced the Flemish
mercenaries to leave England； recalled grants of Royal lands made by his previous king
Stephen； demolished many castles built in Stephen’s time； strengthened and widened the
powers of his sheriffs and relied for armed support upon a militia composed of English
freemen.
　　亨利二世采取了一些措施巩固君主制。他迫使弗兰德斯雇佣军离开英国，收回史蒂芬森赠出皇室土地；拆
除几十座史蒂芬森时造德城堡，加强并扩大了他的行政长官们的权力，依靠由英国自由民组成的民兵获取军事
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