从1945年以来，两党一直轮流执政，在大选中获
多数议席因而在下议院拥有多数支持者的政党组建政府，多数党领袖由君主任命为首相。获得第二多数议席的
政党则正式成为“反对党”，有自己的领袖和影子内阁。反对党的目的是帮助制定政策，它可以经常给政府提
出批评性的建议和修正议案。
　　
　　　　英语国家概况精讲系列（十九）
　　
　　
　　III.The Cabinet and Ministry
　　内阁和内阁部长
　　
　　1. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of
functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of general business
of the Government. Cabinet members hold meetings under the chairmanship of the Prime
Minister for a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues.
　　首相主持内阁，负责分配大臣们的职能，在定期会见女王时向女王报告政府事务。内阁在 首相的主持
下，每周开会几小时，以决定在重大问题上政府的政策。
　　
　　2. Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions；
individual Ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their department.
　　内阁的所有决定由大臣集体向议会负责，各大臣又为各自部门的工作向议会负责。
　　
　　IV．The Privy Council
　　枢密院
　　
　　1. The Privy Council was formerly the chief source of executive power in the state
and give private advice to the King. So the Privy Council was also called the King’s
Council in history. Today its role is largely formal, advising the sovereign to approve
certain government decrees.
　　枢密院原来是政府行政权力的源泉，给君主提供“私人”建议。它在历史上也称为国王议会。今天它的主
要作用是礼节性的，如建议君主批准政府的法令。
　　
　　2. Its membership is about 400, and includes all Cabinet ministers, the speaker of
the House of Common and senior British and Commonwealth statement.
　　它的主要成员有400人左右，包括内阁阁员，下议院院长及英国，英联邦的高级政治家等。
　　
　　V．Government Department and the Civil Service
　　政府各部和公务员部
　　
　　1. The principal Government department main includes: the Treasury, the House of
office, the Foreign and Commonwealth office, the Ministry of Defense…
　　主要的政府部门包括：财务部，内务部，外交部，国防部等。
　　
　　2. Members of the Civil Service are called Civil Services. They staff government
departments. Civil Servants are recruited mainly by competitive examination. Civil
servants do not belong to any political party. Changes of Government do not involve
changes in departmental staff, There are about 541800 civil servants in Britain now.
　　文职人员部的成员被成为公务员。公务员主要是通过竞争考试录用。公务员部门不属于任何政党，政府的
变更并不影响部门职员的变更。英国现约有541800名公务员。
　　
　　VI．Local Government
　　地方政府部门
　　
　　1. There are two main tiers of local authority throughout England and Wales: counties
and the smaller districts. Now, England and Wales are divided into 53 counties which are
sub-divided in

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