rown and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.
　　1600年英国东印度公司的建立是经济渗透的实例。到1819年英国对印度的征服已基本完成。1857年东印度
公司孟加拉军队的当地士兵发动兵变后，1858年印度改由英国君主统治。1877年维多利来女王正式成为印度女
皇。
　　
　　2. The Scramble for Africa
　　对非洲的掠夺
　　At the beginning of the 19th century British possessions were confined to forts and
slave trading posts on the west coast. Over the 19th century the interior of Africa was
gradually discovered and colonized by Europeans. Britain led the way in the race. Apart
from the colonies in the South and West, Britain was also involved in the North East in
Egypt and the Sudan.
　　19世纪初英国的占领地局限于西海岸的堡垒和奴隶交易点。整个19世纪欧洲人逐渐发现并殖民了非洲内
陆。在这场瓜分竞赛中英国占了较大的优势。除了不断扩张的南部和西部殖民地后，英国又凯觎东北的埃及和
苏丹。
　　
　　3. Aggression against China
　　侵略中国
　　In 1840, the Opium War broke out between Britain and China. Since then, Britain
gradually invaded many coastal areas and imposed a series of unequal treaties upon China.
　　1840年英国和中国发动了鸦片战争。从那时起，英国逐渐侵略了中国的许多沿海城市，并签定了许多不平
等条约。
　　
　　　　英语国家概况精讲系列（十四）
　　
　　VI. Twentieth Century
　　二十世纪
　　1. Britain and the First World War
　　英国和第一次世界大战
　　The Work War I was fought from 1914 to 1918 primarily between two European Power
blocs: “the Central power”. Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the “Allies”, Britain,
France and Russia. During the war, the Britain lost much. Apart from the loss of
manpower, there had been considerable disruption of the economy and society. Out of the
war settlement came the establishment of the league of Nations.
　　第一次世界大战是从1914年至1918年，战争主要在两大欧洲集团间进行：“同盟国”，包括德国和奥匈帝
国，和“协约国”，包括英国、法国和俄罗斯。一战中英国损失惨重。除了劳动力损失，还有巨大的经济与社
会瓦解。
　　
　　2. Britain Between the Two World Wars
　　两次世界大战期间的英国
　　The effects of the New York Stock Market Crash of 1929 soon spread throughout Europe
and by 1931 Britain was entering the Great depression.
　　1929年纽约股票交易所崩溃的影响迅速波及欧洲，到1931年英国进入经济大萧条。
　　
　　3. Britain and the Second World War
　　英国与第二次世界大战
　　As Adolf Hitler and Nazism showed off their aggressive momentum in Europe,
Chamberlain, the Prime Minister, found his policy of appeasement of German aggression was
no longer tenable, and was forced to declare war on Germany on September 3,1939.
　　当阿道夫希特勒及纳粹主义显示他们对欧洲的侵略意图时，首相张伯伦发现他的绥靖政策已站不住脚，只
得于1939年9月3日对德宣战。
　　
　　4. Postwar Britian
　　战后的英国
　　(1) One of the most far-reaching consequences of the War was that it hastened the end
of Britain’s empire.
　　二战最

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