900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number
of small socialist societies set up the Labor Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC
changed its name to the Labor Party for the general election called for in 1906.
　　工党起源于独立工党，于1893年1月成立。1900年，工会代表，独立工党和许多小型社会主义社团一起成
立了工人代表委员会。1906年的大选迫使工人代表委员会及时更名为工党。
　　
　　II. Colonial Expansion
　　殖民扩张
　　1. The growth of dominions
　　自治领的兴起
　　English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583.
Encouraged by Britain’s control of the seas, especially by the rising tide of
emigration, British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada, Australia, and New
Zealand, in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. By 1900, Britain had built up a
big empire, “on which the sun never set”. It consisted of a vast number of
protectorates, Crown colonies, spheres of influence, and self-governing dominions. It
included 25% of the world’s population and area.
　　英国殖民扩张开始于1583年纽芬兰的殖民化。在18世纪末、19世纪初，受到海外移民浪潮的鼓舞，英国殖
民者很快加他们的扩张到加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰。到1900年英国已建立了“日不落”的大英帝国，包括受
保护国、英国殖民地、势力范围和自治领，占世界人口与面积的25%。
　　
　　Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. French rights were
guaranteed by the Quebec Act of 1774. The Canada Act of 1791 divided Canada into Upper
Canada where the British had settled, and Lower Canada populated by the French. The
British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a dominion.
　　1763年签订的《巴黎条约》将加拿大割让给英国。1774年的《魁北克法》保证了法国的权益。之后，1791
年《加拿娃哈哈》把加拿大分为上加拿大和下加拿大，前者是英国人的定居地，后者是法国人的居住点。1867
年《英国北美法案》确定加拿大为自治领。
　　English began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788. Free settlement began in
1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840. The gold rushes (1851-1892)
brought more people to Australia, and in 1901 the six self-governing wer united in one
dominion-the independent Commonwealth of Australia.
　　1788年英国人开始把囚犯流放到澳大利亚。1816年开始可以自由定居，1840年后囚犯不再流放到澳大利
亚。1851年至1892年的淘金热使更多的人拥到澳洲。1901年，六个自治领统一为一个自治领—澳大利亚独立联
邦。
　　New Zealand became a separate colony of Britain in 1841, achieved self-government in
1857, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907 and was made completely
independent in 1931.
　　1841年新西兰成为独立殖民地，1857年实现自治，1907年成为英皇属下的自治领，1931年完全独立。
　　
　　1. The Conquest of India
　　征服印度
　　The British East India Company established in 1600. By 1819 the British conquest of
most India was almost complete. After the muting of Bengal army in 1857, the control of
India passed to the British C

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