g as craftsmen.
英国工程师为训练有素的手工艺人。
(7) The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems.
发明家受人尊重,他们解决了实际难题。
(8) Probably laissez faire and “Protestant work ethic” helped.
很可能利益于“放手干”及“新教工作道德”。
(9) England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included
Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers.
1707年后,英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士形成关税联盟,1807年后爱尔兰加入。因此,全国市场不再受阴于内
部的关税障碍。
(10) The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by
providing food for the rising population, labour for the factories, and some of the raw
materials needed by industry.
圈地运动和其它农业改良为增加的人口提供了粮食,为工厂提供了劳动力,为工业提供了所需的一些原材
料。
3.Typical examples of the inventions during the Industrial Revolution
工业革命中一些重大创新
(1) John Kay’s flying shuttle in 1733;
1733年,约翰凯的飞梭;
(2) James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny in 1766;
1766年詹姆士哈格里夫斯詹妮纺纱机;
(3) Richard Arkwright’s waterframe in 1769;
1769年理查德阿克赖特的水力纺织机;
(4) Samuel Crompton’s mule in 1779
1779年塞缪尔克朗普顿的走绽纺纱机;
(5) Edmund Cartwright’s power loom in 1784;
1784年爱德蒙卡特莱特发明的力织机;
(6) James Watt’s steam engine in 1765.
1765年詹姆斯瓦特的高效蒸汽机。
4.Consequences of the industrial Revolution
工业革命的结果
(1) Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”;
英国成为了“世界工场”;
(2) Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation’s wealth.
城镇迅速兴起,成为国家财富的源泉。
(3) Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it .
The working men worked and lived in a appalling conditions.
机械化摧毁了不能投入其中的人们的生活。工人们在可怕的条件下劳动与生活。
(4) The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the
proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism.
工业革命产生了工人阶级,即无产阶级。后来形成了工会制度。
英语国家概况精讲系列(十二)
III. The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)
宪章运动(1836-1848)
1. Reasons for parliamentary reforms.
议会改革的原因
(1) Power was monopolized by the aristocrats.
权力由贵族操纵。
(2) Representation of town and country, and North and South was unfair.
城镇和农村,北方和南方的代表权极不平等。
(3) There were also various so-called rotten or pocket boroughs.
还有各种称之为衰败或口袋选区的选区。
2.Three Reform Bills
三个改革法案
Between 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed.
1832年至1884年间通过了三个改革法案。
a) The Reform Act of 1832 (also called the “Greater Charter of 1832) abo
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