ing it, and that cost, ultimately, is the cost of not making other goods. The market mechanism enforces this relationship. The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the labor, the fuel, and other elements used up in producing them. But the price of these inputs, in turn, depends on what they can produce elsewhere—if the leather can be used to produce handbags that are valued highly by consumers, the prices of leather will be bid up correspondingly.
57. What does this passage mainly discuss?
A） The scarcity of manufactured goods.
B） The value of scarce materials.
C） The manufacturing of scarce goods.
D） The cost of producing shoes.
58. According to the passage, what are the opportunity costs of an item?
A） The amount of time and money spent in producing it.
B） The opportunities a person has to buy it.
C） The value of what could have been produced instead.
D） The value of the resources used in its production.
59. According to the passage, what is the relationship between production and resources?
A） Available resources stimulate production.
B） Resources are totally independent of production.
C） Production increases as resources increase.
D） Production lessens the amount of available resources.
60. What determines the price of a good in a market economy?
A） The cost of all elements in production.
B） The cost of not making other goods.
C） The efficiency of the manufacturing process.
D） The quantity of materials supplied.
61. Which of the following examples BEST reflects a cost to society as defined in the passage?
A） A family buying a dog.
B） Eating in a restaurant instead of at home.
C） Using land for a house instead of a park.
D） Staying at home instead of going to school.
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental
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